STM32 series microcontrollers have unique ID numbers in the world. Many design developers will embed ID binding verification codes during the development process, which is the so-called soft encryption.

Several common problems in the process of cracking STM32 series microcontrollers.

Usually in the process of cracking STM32, if the original developer does not embed soft encryption, then we only need to open the chip, remove the encryption lock, and then directly read the BIN file or HEX file through the programmer. Normal use.

After removing the encryption lock, the extracted program code cannot work, and there is soft encryption. Many soft encryptions are bound to the ID through the burner option. Such soft encryption is relatively simple and can usually be done quickly.

The complex soft encryption inside the program is also very common. After decryption, the ID binding imagination is not found in the inspection, but the programming of the new MCU cannot work. This is what the programmer has done deep inside the program. Soft encryption binding, if you encounter such a situation, you need to carefully analyze the code, find the right binding position, and remove it. Completely usable after removal.

Some STM32 series chips are upgraded and bound. After decryption, it is found that they can be used normally, and the customer also thinks that the decryption is successful, but after a period of use, if they encounter a version upgrade, they will find that the microcontroller cannot work normally. The situation is that there are upgrade verification bindings embedded in the program, many of which are very responsible, and we also need to spend a lot of energy in the process of cracking, but we can finally get it done.

To sum up, for the STM32 soft encryption, no matter how complicated and deep the soft encryption is, we can successfully crack it. On the STM32 series, we can reverse from BIN files to assembly language, or pseudo-C code, so that we can clearly see the algorithm and definition of the entire program, so that we can fundamentally solve any soft encryption option.

Sister 20:39:43

Electronic Components Basics: The Structure and Properties of Inductors

Inductors, also known as chokes, reactors, and dynamic reactors, are components that can convert electrical energy into magnetic energy and store it. The structure of an inductor is similar to that of a transformer, but with only one winding. Let‘s follow Haoqixin Technology to understand the structure and characteristics of the inductor.

First, the structure of the inductor

Inductors are generally composed of skeletons, windings, shields, packaging materials, magnetic cores or iron cores.

1. Skeleton

The skeleton generally refers to the bracket on which the coil is wound. Some larger fixed inductors or adjustable inductors (such as oscillating coils, choke coils, etc.), most of which are wrapped with enameled wire (or yarn-covered wire) on the skeleton, and then the magnetic core or copper core, iron core, etc. Installed into the inner cavity of the skeleton to increase its inductance.

The skeleton is usually made of plastic, bakelite, and ceramics, and can be made into different shapes according to actual needs. Small inductors (such as color-coded inductors) generally do not use a bobbin, but instead have the enameled wire wound directly around the core. Air-core inductors (also known as unwrapped coils or air-core coils, mostly used in high-frequency circuits) do not use magnetic cores, skeletons and shields, etc., but are first wound on the mold and then take off the mold, and the coil is pulled between each coil. Drive a certain distance.

2. Winding

Winding refers to a group of coils with specified functions, which are the basic components of inductors. There are single-layer and multi-layer windings. There are two types of single-layer windings: dense winding (conductors are wound one circle after another) and intermediate winding (each circle of wires is separated by a certain distance during winding); multi-layer windings have layered flat winding, random winding Winding, honeycomb winding, etc.

3. Magnetic core and magnetic rod

The magnetic core and the magnetic rod are generally made of nickel-zinc ferrite (NX series) or manganese-zinc ferrite (MX series). kind of shape.

4. Iron heart

The core materials are mainly silicon steel sheets, permalloy, etc., and their shapes are mostly "E" type.

5. Shield

In order to prevent the magnetic field generated by some inductors from affecting the normal operation of other circuits and components, a metal screen cover (such as the oscillation coil of a semiconductor radio, etc.) is added to it. The use of shielded inductors will increase the loss of the coil and reduce the Q value.

6. Packaging materials

After some inductors (such as color code inductors, color ring inductors, etc.) are wound, the coils and magnetic cores are sealed with packaging materials. The encapsulation material is plastic or epoxy resin.

Second, the characteristics of the inductor

The characteristics of an inductor are the opposite of those of a capacitor, and it has the property of blocking the passage of alternating current and allowing direct current to pass through. When the DC signal passes through the coil, the resistance is the resistance voltage drop of the wire itself. When the AC signal passes through the coil, a self-induced electromotive force will be generated at both ends of the coil. The direction of the self-induced electromotive force is opposite to the direction of the applied voltage, which hinders the passage of AC , so the characteristics of the inductor are to pass DC and block AC. The higher the frequency, the greater the coil impedance. Inductors often work with capacitors in circuits to form LC filters, LC oscillators, etc. In addition, people also use the characteristics of inductance to manufacture choke coils, transformers, relays, etc.

Direct current: It means that the inductor is in a closed state to the direct current. If the resistance of the inductive coil is not considered, then the direct current can pass through the inductor "unimpeded". For direct current, the resistance of the coil itself has very little hindering effect on direct current, so Often ignored in circuit analysis.

Blocking alternating current: When alternating current passes through the inductive coil, the inductor hinders the alternating current, and it is the inductive reactance of the inductive coil that hinders the alternating current.

An inductor has a certain inductance, it only resists changes in current flow. If the inductor has no current flowing through it, it will try to block the flow of current through it when the circuit is on; if the inductor has current flowing through it, it will try to maintain the current flow when the circuit is off. Inductors mainly play the functions of filtering, oscillation, delay and notch in the circuit, as well as filtering signals, filtering noise, stabilizing current and suppressing electromagnetic wave interference. The most common role of inductors in circuits is to form LC filter circuits together with capacitors.